The History of Email

1961 Tom Van Vleck - Message transaction multi-user. one computer 1969 Leonard Kleinrock - Message transaction, two computers 1971 Ray Tomlinson- Message transaction, multi-user, multi-computer 1973 Vlnton Cerf, Rort Kahn – TCP/IP 1973 Bobtca-Ethernet 1977 Dave Crock J. Vittal, K. Pogran, D.A. Henderson – RFC 733 1978 The Challenge (V.A.) Shiva Ayyadurai is asked by Les Michelson to create the full-scale electronic version of the interoffice paper mail system in use at UMDNJ. Shiva creates first prototype. He calls it “email” 1979 Email System at UMDNJ Email provides UMDNJ users Inbox? Outbox, Folders, the Memo (To, From, Sublact, Data Cc, Bcc), Attachments, etc., and processes such as Compose, Foard, Sort, and others with easy-to-use interface. 1980 Using Email Email use grows at UMDNJ. More users, secretaries and doctors, across departments offices and groups are added on to the email system. 1981 Westinghouse Award Warting house Award, also own as the “Baby Nobal’s” recognizes Email system for its original innovation. 1982 Copyright for Email (V.A.) Shiva Ayyadurai receives US Copyright for “Email”. August 30, 1982: Registration TXU-11 1 -775 1985 Offline Email Readers Development of offline readers allow email users to store email on their own personal computers. Read and compose replies without actually being connected to the network. 1988 EUDORA Steve Dorner develops Eudora. First commercial product to be widely used for reading and sending email on Local Area Networks (LAN). 1989 Compuserve & MCI Mail Compuserve and MCI Mall become first formally sanctioned email carriers connected to the internet. 1991 Lotus Notes Ray Ozzie and Mitch Kapor release major version of Lotus Notes (2.0) 1992 Microsoft Outook Microsoft releases its answer to Lotus Notes. MS Outlook 1993 America Online (AOL) AOL OFFERS an easily accessible internet based email system 1995 EchoMail Launched EchoMail, the first integrated Email Management system to help businesses handle increasing volumes of inbound EMAIL AT&T first customer. 1996 HoTMaiL Sabeer Bhatia and Jack Smith launch HoTMail, soon becomes most used internet based email system 1997 Yahoo Yahoo Mail OFFERED as an alternative to HoTMaiL. It too provides web-based access through a browser. 1999 Blackberry Blackberry makes accessing email via mobile phones more accessible. Mobile email is the new buzzword. 2003 CAN-SPAM President George W. Bush signs into law penalties for unsolicited email. 2005 Email Address Verification SPF released to validate email addresses to control SPAM. SPF release spawns other validation systems. 2007 Email at Google Google launches Gmail on April Fool’s Day, after a prolonged four year Beta. 2009 iPhone 3G iPhone and other mobile devices make email even more accessible. 2011 E-mail to Email Associated Press Stylebook declares the use of email without hyphen “-”, as the standard unaware of U.S. Copyright for “email”. 2012 Smithsonian Honors Email Papers, computer code, and artifacts documenting the invention of email by VA Shiva Ayyadurai are accepted into the permanent archives of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History. 2013 Innovation Corps Launched VA Shiva Ayyadurai and Dr. Leslie P. Michelson launch Innovation Corps to foster innovation for youth across the globe, in inner cities and villages, so more innovatiors such as email are possible.

60 hours in a air-bubble underwater

Cook rescued after spending THREE DAYS at bottom of the ocean in capsized tugboat reveals he has made a pact with God never to go to sea again Harrison Okene, 29, was trapped in air pocket in the dark with no food and only a can of Coke for 60 hours in May Said he could hear fish eating his dead colleagues in sunken ship Diver found him in air bubble in a cabin 100 feet underwater Video showed moment Mr Okene reached out and touched diver, who initially thought he was a corpse Pastor at his local church later asked Okene if he used black magic to survive The 29-year-old still has nightmares and wakes up next to his wife saying that their bed is sinking Harrison Odjegba Okene had survived three days in a small air pocket inside an overturned tugboat at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean before he was rescued at the last moment by a diver – but the lucky 29-year-old says he will not be tempting fate again. In an exclusive interview with The Associated Press, Okene described his miraculous rescue that was videotaped and which went viral after it was uploaded on the Internet this month. The 29-year-old still has nightmares and vows to never return to the sea again. He has taken a new job as cook on firm ground instead.

Fire fighting robot

A fire-fighting robot is changing the way an Indiana fire department is attacking industrial fires, and Purdue researchers say it could have helped with the Indianapolis warehouse fire that burned for days last weekend. A research team at Purdue is trying to help change the way firefighters attack dangerous warehouse fires. “You can put the robot in places where you would never dream of putting a human being,” said Eric Dietz, director of the Purdue Homeland Security Institute. Dietz is part of a team from Purdue that is helping a Korean company test a prototype robot that allows firefighters to remotely maneuver and put out fires. “It’s very simple,” Dietz said, pointing to the robot, which looks like a small tank connected to a fire hose. A person operates the robot with a remote control. The machine, designed to go inside smoke-filled buildings, has an infrared camera that allows the operator to see where it’s going. The robot got its first real world test at a major warehouse fire in eastern Illinois on Wednesday. The Purdue Fire Department was called in to assist inside the 400,000-square-foot building. “When we first arrived, some of the firefighters–both career and volunteers–were a little skeptical (of the robot).” said Purdue Fire Chief Kevin Ply. That all changed as soon as they sent the robot into a large area in danger of collapsing. Firefighters weren’t safe inside, but they were able to maneuver the robot around debris and attack the flames in a way they never had before. “It traveled approximately 150 to 175 feet back into a partially collapsed structure and we were able to deploy water where the aerial devices were not able to reach,” Ply said. “The longer we started using it, the more people came and started watching it. We, in fact, had a lot of firefighters breaking out their cell phones and were recording it and taking pictures.” The robot is also beneficial because it allows fire departments to precisely target their hoses. “Water in a fire can be a very scarce resource,” Dietz said. “So that’s another thing. By putting the robot in, you can conserve the water and put it only where it’s needed.” Dietz says the goal isn’t to replace firefighters, he says it’s designed to save them. “Ideally we’d like to see this be an integral part of a fire apparatus, and just another tool that they pull out of the back for a situation that is needed to help protect the firefighters lives,” Dietz said. The Purdue Fire Department said the robot worked well fighting the warehouse fire for roughly four hours. However, they did notice problems when the battery began to drain–exactly the kind of issue that the Purdue team is looking to improve before the device goes on the market.

Arthrobotrys fungus

Arthrobotrys is a genus of mitosporic fungi in the family Orbiliaceae. There are 71 species. They are a predatory fungus that captures and feeds on nematode worms. Rings that form on the hyphae constrict and entrap the worms, then hyphae grow into the worm and digest it. Arthrobotrys fungus feeds on nematode worms that it traps in a tightening noose in just 1/10th of a second.

Green Parakeet

The Green Parakeet (Psittacara holochlora), is a medium-sized parrot that is native to Central America, from Mexico south to northern Nicaragua. These birds have established self-sustaining populations in some cities in southeast Texas in the United States. It is unclear if the US population are feral released birds or may be some wild vagrants which have moved north from Mexico. The Green Parakeet is usually nonmigratory, but will move sometimes to take advantage of food supplies. The Pacific Parakeet, formerly considered a distinct species, is now placed herein as a subspecies Psittacara holochlora strenua. The bird is 32 cm in length, and is mostly green in color. It also has a yellow beak. The bird feed on seeds, various fruits, and corn. It can sometimes be considered a crop pest. Wild birds primarily use scrub and swamp forests, woodlands, and forest clearings. The US population takes advantage of palm groves in the cities. Green Parakeet pairs usually find holes in trees to nest in where it lays 3-4 eggs. It will also nest colonially on crevices in cliff faces. After the breeding season is completed, the birds will form large communal roosts. Green Parakeet's nest in the crater of the active Masaya volcano in Nicaragua is apparently immune to the toxic sulfurous flames.

Frankenstein's author's strange fact

Mary Shelley (née Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin; 30 August 1797 – 1 February 1851) was an English novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, and travel writer, best known for her Gothic novel Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus (1818). She also edited and promoted the works of her husband, the Romantic poet and philosopher Percy Bysshe Shelley. Her father was the political philosopher William Godwin, and her mother was the philosopher and feminist Mary Wollstonecraft. Mary Godwin's mother died when she was eleven days old; afterwards, she and her older half-sister, Fanny Imlay, were raised by her father. When Mary was four, Godwin married his neighbour, Mary Jane Clairmont. Godwin provided his daughter with a rich, if informal, education, encouraging her to adhere to his liberal political theories. In 1814, Mary Godwin began a romantic relationship with one of her father’s political followers, the married Percy Bysshe Shelley. Together with Mary's stepsister, Claire Clairmont, they left for France and travelled through Europe; upon their return to England, Mary was pregnant with Percy's child. Over the next two years, she and Percy faced ostracism, constant debt, and the death of their prematurely born daughter. They married in late 1816 after the suicide of Percy Shelley's first wife, Harriet. In 1816, the couple famously spent a summer with Lord Byron, John William Polidori, and Claire Clairmont near Geneva, Switzerland, where Mary conceived the idea for her novel Frankenstein. The Shelleys left Britain in 1818 for Italy, where their second and third children died before Mary Shelley gave birth to her last and only surviving child, Percy Florence. In 1822, her husband drowned when his sailing boat sank during a storm near Viareggio. A year later, Mary Shelley returned to England and from then on devoted herself to the upbringing of her son and a career as a professional author. The last decade of her life was dogged by illness, probably caused by the brain tumour that was to kill her at the age of 53. Until the 1970s, Mary Shelley was known mainly for her efforts to publish Percy Shelley's works and for her novel Frankenstein, which remains widely read and has inspired many theatrical and film adaptations. Recent scholarship has yielded a more comprehensive view of Mary Shelley’s achievements. Scholars have shown increasing interest in her literary output, particularly in her novels, which include the historical novels Valperga (1823) and Perkin Warbeck (1830), the apocalyptic novel The Last Man (1826), and her final two novels, Lodore (1835) and Falkner (1837). Studies of her lesser-known works such as the travel book Rambles in Germany and Italy (1844) and the biographical articles for Dionysius Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia (1829–46) support the growing view that Mary Shelley remained a political radical throughout her life. Mary Shelley's works often argue that cooperation and sympathy, particularly as practised by women in the family, were the ways to reform civil society. This view was a direct challenge to the individualistic Romantic ethos promoted by Percy Shelley and the Enlightenment political theories articulated by her father, William Godwin. Author Mary Shelley kept the heart of her late husband Percy Bysshe Shelley wrapped in a piece of his poetry for 29 years.

Larry Da Leopard

A Texas tattoo artist’s obsession with leopard spots may have caused a rift with his loved ones, but he believes it has brought him one step closer to becoming a true ‘manimal’ with cat-like reflexes. Born Lance Brieschke, Larry Da Leopard has covered every inch of his body with more than a thousand spots to become half man, half big-cat. The 40-year-old is a well-known character in Austin, prowling the streets in little more than a loincloth as part of his outrageous leopard act. Larry the Leopard of Austin, Texas is covered in over 1000 Leopard spot tattoos.

Environment friendly cemetery

Sunset Hills Memorial Park & Mortuary Sunset Hills was founded by Chet Hitt in 1995 after a friend remarked that it was a shame that his Mother couldn’t be buried in her home town of Apple Valley. The process was long and arduous… Cemeteries are rarely started from scratch anymore. Mr. Hitt, however, had a vision and nothing was going to stand in his way. He left the family plumbing business and after six years of government red tape, began construction of a project many said couldn’t be done. One early supporter was the “Queen of the West”, Dale Evans. During her beloved husband Roy Rogers later days, Dale often found solace in the peace and beauty of the Memorial Park. It is said that Dale wrote much of her last book from a spot in the park overlooking the valley below. When Roy Rogers passed on, his burial service was one of the first milestones for Sunset Hills. With a huge crowd of family, friends and fans in attendance, the service was an honor for the Cemetery and set the tone for the quality of service delivered by Sunset Hills Shortly after the passing of Roy, Dale Evans approached Chet Hitt about the idea of building a chapel in honor of her late husband. Mr. Hitt agreed, and on February 19, 2007 the Roy Rogers – Dale Evans officially opened. Today, Sunset Hills is an award winning facility, recognized as one of the most unique and beautiful cemeteries in the West. The Desert Estate Gardens and one-of-a-kind landscaping have garnered attention throughout the nation and the world with international media with news coverage from as far away as Asia and Europe. The sunset hills cemetery in Eugene, Oregon offers an electric tricycle hearse for those who prefer an environmentally friendly funeral. http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/Widgets?widget_type=best_sellers&affid=rochaktat

The Flying Snake

Chrysopelea, or more commonly known as the flying snake, is a genus that belongs to the family Colubridae. Flying snakes are mildly venomous,[1] though they are considered harmless because their toxicity is not dangerous to humans.[2] Their range is in Southeast Asia (the mainland, Greater and Lesser Sundas, Maluku, and the Philippines), southernmost China, India, and Sri Lanka. It can jump from tree to tree and glide in the air for over 300 feet.

Ndebele people - Long necks

Married women of the Ndebele people of South Africa wear metal rings to push down their collarbones and give the illusion of long stretched necks.

The Ndebele are part of the larger Nguni ethnic group. They are thought to have travelled from Natal to the Transvaal region, led by a chief called Musi and settling near Pretoria in about 1600. In the mid-seventeenth century, the nation split over a succession dispute between his two sons, Manala and Ndzundza. In 1882, following friction with Voortrekker settlers over land and other resources, the Boer leader Piet Joubert led a campaign against the Ndebele leader Nyabela. Nyabela was imprisoned, finally being released in the late 1890s, and many of his people were indentured to white farmers. During the apartheid era, Nyabela's successor as leader, Cornelius, was forcibly moved with his people to a tribal "homeland" called KwaNdebele, which was given nominal self-government. People with the last name Ndebele are considered royal.

World's largest Rodent pet

At eight stone, Gary the capybara is the world's largest rodent. Normally found in South America, this cuddly rodent has been adopted by a couple living in the Texas. Gary at home with his owners Melanie Typaldos and her husband Richard Loveman. The couple fell in love with the South American semi-aquatic mammals during a holiday to Venezuela.

Music making you immortal

Anyone reckon they can’t live without music? Well, now you don’t have to. Jason Leach, founder of And Vinyly, has announced a new option for those who’d rather die than live without it: have your ashes combined with 24 minutes of audiophile-quality vinyl. Although being incredibly expensive (cop $4,600 for 30 copies of a record, each one containing a bit of ash), for those who have lived their lives through music and want their legacy to be remembered by music, what better way than to actually ‘become’ music when you die? The process is pretty simple: ashes are delivered to a pressing plant and sprinkled into raw vinyl, and you can also get your all-time favourite track pressed onto your ashes for a cool extra $760. So all-in-all, you can essentially become your favourite tune when you die for $5,360. That’s a fraction of the cost of a typical burial, which the National Funeral Directors Association in England ballparks at around $6,560. Oh, and as another cute add-on, James Hague of the National Portrait Gallery in London can create an original painting for the record sleeve for around $5,470 if you feel like paying big money. The idea from Leach comes as he remembers the failure of his father trying to scatter his grandfather’s ashes from a boat; “it went terribly wrong, and they ended up sweeping him off the deck.” Tough break. Things didn’t turn out much better at his own grandfather’s memorial service either, “there was a strong breeze…and the ashes blew right into my face.”

Restaurant run by dreaded criminals

The Fortezza Medicea is the name of a restaurant in Volterra, Italy. It is housed in the town's Renaissance-era fortress (Fortezza Medicea, Medici fortress), built 1474, which is a high-security prison for criminals serving no less than seven years.[1] In 2006, the prison's administration began operating a restaurant within the prison, using inmates as staff, as a rehabilitation scheme.[2] The project was successful in attracting clients and the attention of the international press. Despite the inconveniences of dining in the Fortezza – clients must pass a background check and several checkpoints, and all cutlery is plastic – tables, as of 2007, had to be booked weeks in advance.

Alligators skyfall

On December 26, 1877, no less than the New York Times reported the following: "Dr. J.L. Smith of Silverton Township, South Carolina, while opening up a new turpentine farm, noticed something fall to the ground and commence to crawl toward the tent where he was sitting. On examining the object he found it to be an alligator. In the course of a few moments a second one made its appearance. This so excited the curiosity of the doctor that he looked around to see if he could discover any more, and found six others within a space of two hundred yards. The animals were all quite lively, and about twelve inches in length. The place whereon they fell is situated on high sandy ground about six miles north of the Savannah River." An alligator is a crocodilian in the genus Alligator of the family Alligatoridae. The two living species are the American alligator and the Chinese alligator. In addition, several extinct species of alligator are known from fossil remains.

Ivory black paint

Ivory black paint was traditionally made from charred ivory - Today it's made from charred bones of sheep and cattle. Bone char (Latin: carbo animalis), also known as bone black, ivory black, animal charcoal, or abaiser, is a granular material produced by charring animal bones. To prevent the spread of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, the skull and spine are never used.[1] The bones are heated to high temperatures—in the range of 400 to 500 °C (752 to 932 °F)— in an oxygen-depleted atmosphere to control the quality of the product as related to its adsorption capacity for applications such as defluoridation of water and removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The quality of the bone char can be easily determined by its color. Black charcoals are usually undercharred bones that still contain organic impurities which may impart undesired odor and color to treated waters. White bone chars are overcharred bones that present low fluoride removal capacity.[citation needed] Grey-brownish bone char are the best quality chars for absorption applications. The quality of the bone chars is usually controlled by the amount of oxygen present in the charring atmosphere. It consists mainly of tricalcium phosphate and a small amount of carbon. Bone chars usually have lower surface areas than activated carbons, but present high adsorptive capacities for copper, zinc, and cadmium.[2][3][4] Charred pig bones can effectively absorb cobalt; however this process is inhibited by copper and zinc; which have a greater affinity for bone char.

Ancient "Babylonian" business transactions

Fingerprints were used in Ancient Babylon to seal documents or in signing official papers. Fingerprints could also be placed on clay tablets used for business transactions. This was a sure way of ensuring that documents would not be duplicated. History of Fingerprinting There are records of fingerprints being taken many centuries ago, although they weren't nearly as sophisticated as they are today. The ancient Babylonians pressed the tips of their fingertips into clay to record business transactions. The Chinese used ink-on-paper finger impressions for business and to help identify their children. However, fingerprints weren't used as a method for identifying criminals until the 19th century. In 1858, an Englishman named Sir William Herschel was working as the Chief Magistrate of the Hooghly district in Jungipoor, India. In order to reduce fraud, he had the residents record their fingerprints when signing business documents. A few years later, Scottish doctor Henry Faulds was working in Japan when he discovered fingerprints left by artists on ancient pieces of clay. This finding inspired him to begin investigating fingerprints. In 1880, Faulds wrote to his cousin, the famed naturalist Charles Darwin, and asked for help with developing a fingerprint classification system. Darwin declined, but forwarded the letter to his cousin, Sir Francis Galton. Galton was a eugenicist who collected measurements on people around the world to determine how traits were inherited from one generation to the next. He began collecting fingerprints and eventually gathered some 8,000 different samples to analyze. In 1892, he published a book called "Fingerprints," in which he outlined a fingerprint classification system -- the first in existence. The system was based on patterns of arches, loops and whorls. Meanwhile, a French law enforcement official named Alphonse Bertillon was developing his own system for identifying criminals. Bertillonage (or anthropometry) was a method of measuring heads, feet and other distinguishing body parts. These "spoken portraits" enabled police in different locations to apprehend suspects based on specific physical characteristics. The British Indian police adopted this system in the 1890s. Around the same time, Juan Vucetich, a police officer in Buenos Aires, Argentina, was developing his own variation of a fingerprinting system. In 1892, Vucetich was called in to assist with the investigation of two boys murdered in Necochea, a village near Buenos Aires. Suspicion had fallen initially on a man named Velasquez, a love interest of the boys' mother, Francisca Rojas. But when Vucetich compared fingerprints found at the murder scene to those of both Velasquez and Rojas, they matched Rojas' exactly. She confessed to the crime. This was the first time fingerprints had been used in a criminal investigation. Vucetich called his system comparative dactyloscopy. It's still used in many Spanish-speaking countries. Sir Edward Henry, commissioner of the Metropolitan Police of London, soon became interested in using fingerprints to nab criminals. In 1896, he added to Galton's technique, creating his own classification system based on the direction, flow, pattern and other characteristics of the friction ridges in fingerprints. Examiners would turn these characteristics into equations and classifications that could distinguish one person's print from another's. The Henry Classification System replaced the Bertillonage system as the primary method of fingerprint classification throughout most of the world. In 1901, Scotland Yard established its first Fingerprint Bureau. The following year, fingerprints were presented as evidence for the first time in English courts. In 1903, the New York state prisons adopted the use of fingerprints, followed later by the FBI.

Baskin Shark

The basking shark is the second-largest living fish, after the whale shark, and one of three plankton-eating sharks besides the whale shark and mega mouth shark. It is a cosmopolitan migratory species, found in all the world's temperate oceans. Scientific name: Cetorhinus maximus SizeLength: 6.7 - 8.8 m Weight : 6 tonnes Very little information is known about the natural ecology and behaviour of the basking shark. It receives its common name from its feeding behaviour, when individuals appear to be ‘basking’ on the water’s surface, swimming very slowly with their entire dorsal fin out of the water (2). These sharks feed passively (unlike the also plankton-feeding whale shark and megamouth shark (Megachasma pelagios) which can use its head muscles to suck water into the mouth), merely by swimming through the water with their mouths gaping (2). As water passes over the gills, plankton are retained; a fairly large shark can filter roughly 1,500 cubic metres of water an hour (6). These giant fish have occasionally been observed leaping out of the water (2), which is probably related to social behaviour (12). Basking sharks are usually solitary, although pairs and groups of up to 100 individuals have been seen (2). This species mysteriously disappears from coastal waters in the winter months and it was recently suggested that they ‘hibernate’ in the deep water. It is also thought that during this time of low food availability basking sharks shed and then replace the gill rakers (11). This suggestion has been refuted by scientific satellite tracking of sharks, revealing extensive migrations throughout all seasons (13). The only pregnant female ever caught gave birth to six live young; the prevailing view is that that these sharks are ovoviviparous (8), and it is likely that they only give birth every two to four years. A Baskin shark's liver accounts for one quarter of its body weight.